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Start screen in Windows 8 and 8.1

Start "menu" covers the whole screen and has been therefore renamed to Start screen in Windows 8 and 8.1. It has a totally different look (called Modern UI, previously known as Metro) - all items are displayed as tiles of different size and color. Some app tiles, such as Weather, Mail or News have active content and they scroll latest content changes. These tiles are called Live Tiles.
All tiles can be easily rearranged by dragging with mouse (or with finger on touch screens). A scroll bar is displayed on the bottom of screen if items do not fit in the window. The minus sign button on the right side of scroll bar fits all available items on Start screen by decreasing the size of tiles. You can also use keyboard shortcuts CTRL+PLUS SIGN or CTRL+MINUS SIGN to zoom the app list in and out. Alternatively, hold down CTRL key and scroll mouse wheel.
To launch a program or an application, click or touch its tile.
Windows 8.1 adds two Tile sizes - very large and very small. Also, newly installed Windows Store (Modern UI/Metro) apps and Desktop programs will not appear on Start screen anymore - you must open All apps list to see and pin these.
Windows 8, Start screen. Click a tile to launch the program or application.
Start screen intentionally hides items that people do not use often (links to help files, program folders, etc). To access an alphabetically sorted list of all available program items in Windows 8, right-click on an empty area of Start screen and click All apps in App Bar that appears in the lower part of screen, or use keyboard shortcut CTRL+TAB. Touch screen owners should swipe in from the bottom of screen to reveal App Bar.
Windows 8, Start screen, App bar. To see all available items, right-click an empty space and click All apps.
Windows 8.1 opens the all apps list by clicking the small arrow down button or just by swiping from the bottom of Start screen. The same CTRL+TAB keyboard shortcut works, too.
Windows 8.1 Update (April, 2014) adds Power Options and Search buttons to Start screen. It also notifies about newly installed apps (but not Desktop programs!).
Windows 8.1 Update, Start screen. Click a tile to launch the program or application. Click the down arrow button to see all apps.
Now a list of all available applications appears, sorted and grouped alphabetically.
In Windows 8.1, you can change the sorting to date installed, most used and category. Note that recently installed apps and programs have the "New" label.
Windows 8, Start screen, All apps, grouped and sorted alphabetically. Windows 8.1 Update, Start screen, All apps, grouped and sorted alphabetically.
If you click the minus sign on the right side of scroll bar, tiles with letters and folder names appear to provide quick access to a certain group or app folder.
Windows 8, Start screen, All apps and app folders, grouped alphabetically. Click a tile to move to the group.
To open Charms bar, move mouse pointer to top right or lower right corner (or use keyboard shortcut WINDOWS KEY+C). Here you can Search for any item (programs, people, files, e-mails, etc), Share to apps that support the feature (for example, Facebook or Mail), Send items to other connected devices (e.g. printers), or change Settings.
Touch screen owners should swipe in from the right edge of screen to reveal Charms bar.
Windows 8 starts automatic App Search if you start typing while Start screen is open.
In Windows 8.1, typing opens Search everywhere.
Windows 8, Start screen, Charms bar. Click search to find any item (programs, files, people, e-mails, etc).
Search pane looks for items as you type. In Windows 8, there is a list of main categories (Apps, Settings and Files) on the top right and each one displays the number of matches. Just click the category to open results. On the bottom right there are apps that are capable of performing the search - for example, click Internet Explorer to search for the entered text in the Internet; or Music to look for matching songs, etc.
To launch a found item, click or touch its tile.
Windows 8.1 displays global search results by default - it searches within your files, your OneDrive/SkyDrive contents, your apps, available actions and the Internet (using Bing). Note that Windows 8.1 shows first results in Search charm, not on the left side. If no results are selected and you hit ENTER key or click the Search button (magnifying glass), a full-screen Search app opens with results from files, apps and the Internet.
Windows 8, Start screen, Search pane. Type a part of item you want to find and click its tile in the results. Windows 8.1, Start screen, Search pane. Type a part of item you want to find and click its tile in the results.
Keyboard shortcut WINDOWS KEY+Q opens Search pane and looks for apps in Windows 8 (Search everywhere opens in Windows 8.1), WINDOWS KEY+W opens Search pane and looks for settings, and WINDOWS KEY+F opens Search pane and looks for files.
To see a context-sensitive menu for an item in Start screen or search results in Windows 8 and 8.1, right-click it. App bar appears on the bottom and you can pin the item to Start screen or Taskbar, resize its tile, enable or disable Live Tile for a Modern UI/Metro app, launch Desktop programs with elevated rights (Run as administrator), etc.
On touch screens, flick the item to select it - touch the Tile and drag it down a little.
Windows 8.1 Update displays App bar on touch-enabled devices only. For traditional mouse and keyboard users, good old pop-up menus appear instead.
Windows 8, Start screen, right-click on an item. A bar on the bottom offers additional actions for the selected tile. Windows 8.1 Update, Start screen, right-click on a tile. For non-touch devices, traditional popup menus appear.